Friday, December 27, 2019

Strategic Decision Making Method Analysis - 2120 Words

Introduction Strategic Decision Management (strategic decision-making technique, SDM) is a decision-making method that has been devised by Ronald Howard Professor of Stanford University in the 1960s. It is considered â€Å"decisions are quality (Decision Quality)†, and has the purpose of enhancing the quality of decisions. Strategic decisions are related to the management at the strategic level. The great thing about strategy decision-making method is the method of producing the choices you has cover (Adam Nain, 2012). Strategic management consists of a series of business decision and action that determines the long term performance of a company. Strategic management enables the company to operate in a complex and dynamic environment. In a†¦show more content†¦The following statement is elaborated in this essay, which declares: â€Å"The external environment is so complex and chaotic, the behaviour of individuals so unpredictable, that strategic managers can have little claim to the outcome of a crisis† Discussion According to Manski Neri (2013), an organization acts as a ‘social entity’ where activities are controlled in a systematic manner to meet the definite objectives, with consideration to the external environment; comprising of factors including Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal; which are uncontrollable in nature and must be monitored to supersede the competitors. For an organization to get the sustainable competitive advantage, strategists have promoted that the key components, for example, clients, government and competitors must be concentrated on formulating a powerful corporate methodology, which would help in adjusting the progressions created by these units. Strategic decisions are impressively portrayed as the choices made at corporate level, which incorporate high capital investments with more chances to yield profit, expanded risk, and expanded necessity for flexibility and long run prospects. Strategic decisions are additionally described as the decisions made at functional level, which incorporate usage of suitable techniques at the business and corporate levels, retaining low risk and activity oriented operational issues. Owing to social

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Global Repercussions Of 9 / 11 - 1232 Words

Today is September 11th, 2014. The thirteenth anniversary for one of the most horrific events that have ever happened in United States history. An event that took thousands of lives, and affected the entire United States in some kind of way. Thirteen years ago, not only the United States changed, but the World changed. The global repercussions of 9/11 are still being felt today. The attacks of the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. can be described as horrific, shocking, confusing and depressing. Tens of thousands of people witnessed it in person, and millions witnessed it through TV, read it in their newspapers, all who were seeking the reasoning behind this. So what happened? At 8:52 AM, a plane that†¦show more content†¦So how did all of this affect our country? It had a huge impact on the United States not only emotionally, but politically and economically. September 11th, 2001 was the beginning of a new fear, and a sense of Americans had to watch their back. The attacks made US citizens more aware, but made the US look like it wasn’t as invincible as it was portrayed. Some of the short term effects that took place after 9/11 was the heart ache felt by all the families of almost three-thousand victims in the attack. It caused a complete shutdown of the American air space, stock markets closed down, and insurance companies, airlines and tourists sector showed longer periods of recession. In New York there was a short term oversupply of rental space and a reduction in hotel occupancy. There was a lot of discrimination and still is today against Muslim-looking travelers, and a huge increase of hate crimes after the events. Some of the long-term effects after 9/11 was an increase in people joining the military, the USA Patriot Act which came into effect October 26th, 2001. There was a huge increase in security which also involved all owing law enforcement agencies to search private data and the right for USA to detain and deport immigrants suspected of terrorists’ activities. In the book 9/11 In American Culture, professor of information studies Philip Agre says The U.S. home front itself is as much of a theatre of

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

International distribution of the corporate tax - Free Samples

Questions: 1. From your firms financial statement, list each item of equity and write your understanding of each item. Discuss any changes in each item of equity for your firm over the past year articulating the reasons for the change. 2. What is your firms tax expense in its latest financial statements? 3. Is this figure the same as the company tax rate times your firms accounting income? Explain why this is, or is not, the case for your firm. 4. Comment on deferred tax assets/liabilities that is reported in the balance sheet articulating the possible reasons why they have been recorded. 5. Is there any current tax assets or income tax payable recorded by your company? Why is the income tax payable not the same as income tax expense? 6. Is the income tax expense shown in the income statement same as the income tax paid shown in the cash flow statement? If not why is the difference? 7. What do you find interesting, confusing, surprising or difficult to understand about the treatment of tax in your firms financial statements? What new insights, if any, have you gained about how companies account for income tax as a result of examining your firms tax expense in its accounts? Answers: Answer 1 After analysing the annual report of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd, it is considered that equity capital of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is accompanied with contributed capital, owners equity and retained earnings. Contributed Equity Reserve Retained Earning Contributed equity It is the amount of capital contributed by the shareholders for the owners equity. Retained earnings- It is the amount of profit which company has accumulated and not distributed to its shareholders. Reserve- It is accumulated total distributable profit which could be plugged back by company in its business (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). Contributed capital could also be defined as stakeholders equity which shareholders have invested in the company. In 2015, Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is having AUD $ 37 million contributed capital which increased AUD $ 45 million in 2016. Accumulated profit of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd has also shown negative data as company has been facing high amount of loss in its business functioning. Equity (Amount in dollar million) ($M) 2015 2016 Contributed equity 37 45 Retained earning (13) (18) Total equity (24) (24) Answer 2 Tax expenses of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd It is considered that tax amount is charged on the profit of company and deducted from the overall net profit of company. The recording of tax expenses is shown in the profit and loss accounts. On the other hand, excess payment of tax would be shown in the deferred tax assets of company. The income tax paid by company is zero. It is observed that company has been suffering from high amount of loss throughout the time. It is inferred that company pays tax on its profit. In present case, Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is having zero amount of tax implication due to its loss incurring business (Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd, 2017). Particular(AUD $ in million) 2015 2016 Income tax expenses 0 0 This table given reflects that company has loss in its business. Therefore, it is not allowed to pay tax on its loss. Answer 3 Tax rate figure of the Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd and its comparison with the tax deduction from the overall accounting income Current Tax: - It is evaluated that tax payment of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd in 2016 is zero. It is analysed that company has been incurring high amount of losses in its business due to sluggish market condition. It reveals that company has zero level of tax obligations. Income tax is charged on the profit of company and for the recording of tax amount, Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd needs to comply with the IFRS rules and AASB-112. Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is international company therefore, in order to harmonize with the domestic and international taxation rules; it has to comply with the AASB-112. In order to justify, whether the tax amount computed on the basis of computation i.e. 30% * net profit is no equal to recording of the tax charged on the profit in its financial statement, following example could be given (Cucchiella, DAdamo and Gastaldi, 2015). It is observed that the main differences between both amounts are found due to the difference between accounting and taxation rules and regulations. For instance, tax rate is charged on the profit of company i.e. 30% *AUD $ (5) million= AUD .15 million. Company could take rebate of this amount from the government from their future tax implication. On the other hand, as per the income tax rules and regulations, tax amount would be zero if there is no profit earned by company. The main difference between tax amounts arise due to different recording of tax expenses, revenue in the books of account of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd. For instance, recording of bed debts recording, creating provisions and donations payment is different in as per the accounting and income tax rules and regulations. Therefore, it could be inferred that due to the difference between taxation rules and regulations and accounting rules, Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd may not have same tax amount figures computed by undertaking accounting income to recording of tax in financial statements. Answer4 Deferred tax assets/liabilities of the Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd has been following international accounting rules and regulations for recording of taxes in its books of accounts. It is observed that company record deferred tax amount in its books of account either in its liabilities side or assets side. In Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd, company has non deferred tax assets or liabilities. Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd has not recorded deferred tax in its books of accounts. Recording of Deferred Tax:- The deferred tax amount recorded in the books of accounts Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is zero. The deferred tax amount is recorded in the liabilities side or assets side of company so that it could be recognized and carried forward to the limit that is reasonably certain for the future taxable income against which deferred tax assets or liabilities would be realised. The recording of deferred tax assets and liabilities is recorded due to the difference between accounting and taxations rules. For instance, if Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd finds that due to difference between accounting and taxation provision. If company charge higher tax by considering accounting rules and regulations as compared to tax charged as per the taxations rules then excess amount would be shown as deferred tax liabilities of company. On the other hand, if tax is computed less due to different accounting and taxation rules and then excess payment to government would be recorded as deferred tax assets (Cucchiella, D Adamo and Gastaldi, 2015). Particular (AUD $ million) 2017 2016 Deferred tax liabilities 0 0 Deferred tax assets 0 0 Note- Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd can never have deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in its books of account at the same time (Cobham and Loretz, 2014). Answer5 Current tax assets and other income tax payable by company It is evaluated that current tax payable by Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is AUD $ 0. Company has been incurring losses in its business since very long time. It is observed that income tax payable of company is also zero. Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is having no tax liabilities as it is incurring losses since four years. In addition to this, tax is charged on the profit of company. Therefore, there is zero tax implication on the business functioning of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd. Deferred tax assets of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd are also zero. Particular(AUD $ in million) 2016 2017 Income tax payable 0 0 It is observed that company has recorded zero tax payable in its books of accounts. The income tax payable is the liability which needs to be paid by company. Why income tax expenses is not same as the income tax payable It is analysed that income tax expenses charged on the profit and recorded for the current year in the profit and loss account of company. On the other hand, income tax payable is the accumulation of the tax liabilities of company which need to be paid by company to government (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). Answer6 Is the income tax expense shown in the income statement same as the income tax paid shown in the cash flow statement? If not Why are the differences? Cash flow statement could be defined as statement comprised of details about the cash inflow and outflow from the business in current year irrespective of the fact whether it relates to current year or previous year. It is the part of the financial statement that is prepared with a view to analyse the inflow and outflow of cash from the business in particular year. The On the other hand, profit and loss account of company is prepared with a view to record all the expenses and revenue of company related to present year. It is prepared with a view to identify the actual profit and loss of company. A cash flow statement reveals all the tax payment made by Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd in the current year irrespective of the fact whether they relates to current year or previous year. Profit and loss account contains the tax amount which is charged on the current year profit. Answer7 Treatment of tax in your firms financial statements Interesting thing about the recorded its entire tax amount The main interesting thing about the recording of entire tax amount is related to recording of tax as per the accounting rules and regulations and accounting rules. The income tax is recorded in the books of accounts as per the AASB-122. The tax is not charged on the loss making company. Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is highly loss making company. Surprising thing about the recorded its entire tax amount It is observed that recording of entire tax in Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd related to corporate governance and procedure of charging tax. It is evaluated that company can never have deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in its books of account (Henry, et al. 2009). Difficulty in recorded the entire tax amount It is observe that Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd may find difficult to record the tax charged on its profit. It is considered that if company wants to books deferred tax liabilities in the books of account then it will first have to set off its entire deferred tax assets amount from its financial statements. The main difficulty would be for stakeholders of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd who might find difficulty to understand the taxations rules and accounting policy of company. However, by reading notes to account, shareholders may find easy to understand tax recording process of company (Evans, 2016). New sight about the recording of taxes It is observed that Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is having high amount of losses since very long time. Therefore, it is not required to pay taxes to government. However, the benefits of losses could also be used to set off taxes from the coming years in which it may require to pay tax in future (Alstadster, Jacob and Michaely, 2015). References Alstadster, A., Jacob, M. and Michaely, R., 2015. Do dividend taxes affect corporate investment?.Journal of Public Economics. Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd, 2017, annual report, Retrieved on 26th January, 2017 from https://www.audiopixels.com.au/index.cfm/investor/annual-report/ Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Cobham, A. and Loretz, S., 2014. International distribution of the corporate tax base: Implications of different apportionment factors under unitary taxation. Cucchiella, F., DAdamo, I. and Gastaldi, M., 2015. Financial analysis for investment and policy decisions in the renewable energy sector.Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy,17(4), pp.887-904. Evans, A.C.M., 2016. What is a conceptually possible flow through design for an alternative vehicle in the private context in domestic income tax legislation? With an applied case study on the Australian business trust. Henry, K., Harmer, J., Piggott, J., Ridout, H. and Smith, G., 2009. Australias future tax system.Canberra, Commonwealth Treasury.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

LANDFILLS Essays - Waste Management, Landfill, Anaerobic Digestion

LANDFILLS Solid waste is the term that civil engineers use to refer to what most of us call garbage. Municipal solid waste is most familiar to us. It comes from households, institutions, and small businesess. These solid wastes enter the solid-waste stream, and the flow never ceases. While many normal activities are suspended during weekends and holidays, the flow of garbage is non-stop. Some holidays, such as Christmas, create an enormous wave of solid waste. There are essentially four ways to deal with garbage: 1) recycle it into something that can be used again, 2) dump it, 3) burn it, or 4) reduce the source of material products (such as packaging) in order to eliminate future garbage. Throughout history, dumping has been the preferred means of disposal. Today, landfills are America's primary method for the disposal of garbage. Approximately 40 to 50 percent of everything we throw away is paper. Newspapers account for as much as 18 percent of the volume in a landfill. Grass clippings and raked-up leaves account for nearly 20 percent of our waste. Much of the notion that biodegradation takes place within a landfill is a myth. Some food and yard debris degrade at a very slow rate, but the remainder of the garbage in landfills seems to retain its original form, weight, and volume. Even after being buried in a landfill for several years, the print on newspapers remains legible. Landfills also contain a considerable amount of hazardous waste. Today, pesticides, cleansers, and motor oil are commonly found in most households. Many of these find their way to the trash. Therefore, landfills must be designed for the safe disposal of hazardous household waste. Currently, there is a critical shortage of landfills, expecially in the northeastern United States. It is estimated that 40 percent of the landfills now in use will close down within five years. The reason the percentage is so high is that most landfills are designed to be in use for only about ten years. Many landfills now closing are open dumps. Rain and groundwater trickle through the trash and dissolve metals and other chemicals. This toxic liquid, called leachate, can ooze into the ground and contaminate nearby wells and streams. In sanitary landfills, daily deposits of fresh garbage are covered with a layer of dirt or plastic or both. However, sanitary landfills can still exude leachate into the water table. In new sanitary landfills, the basin is often lined with clays and impermeable plastic sheets to keep the leachate in. While so many of the country's landfills are closing down in the next several years, solid-waste engineers face tremendous challenges to properly seal, salvage, and monitor some of the nation's most contaminated dumps. The use of sanitary landfills presents several additional challenges beyond safety and efficiency. One major problem is cost. It is often necessary to transport garbage several hundred miles to an available landfill. The cost for transporting garbage to a landfill can be excessive. An even bigger problem is location. Even if the landfill does not leak pollutants or foul the air, no one wants a landfill for a neighbor. Consequently, the old landfills are not being replaced. Due to the critical shortage of landfills and the concerns about their safety, environmental consciousness has been raised. There is a growing awareness of the need to improve the environment and become less dependent on landfills. We must finds ways to reduce waste, and we must find ways to convert waste into something that can be used again. Source reduction offers a real and lasting contribution toward solving our nation's solid waste problem and conserving landfill space. Talk to your legislators, both federal and state, about this genuine method of reducing the volume of garbage. LANDFILLS Essays - Waste Management, Landfill, Anaerobic Digestion LANDFILLS Solid waste is the term that civil engineers use to refer to what most of us call garbage. Municipal solid waste is most familiar to us. It comes from households, institutions, and small businesess. These solid wastes enter the solid-waste stream, and the flow never ceases. While many normal activities are suspended during weekends and holidays, the flow of garbage is non-stop. Some holidays, such as Christmas, create an enormous wave of solid waste. There are essentially four ways to deal with garbage: 1) recycle it into something that can be used again, 2) dump it, 3) burn it, or 4) reduce the source of material products (such as packaging) in order to eliminate future garbage. Throughout history, dumping has been the preferred means of disposal. Today, landfills are America's primary method for the disposal of garbage. Approximately 40 to 50 percent of everything we throw away is paper. Newspapers account for as much as 18 percent of the volume in a landfill. Grass clippings and raked-up leaves account for nearly 20 percent of our waste. Much of the notion that biodegradation takes place within a landfill is a myth. Some food and yard debris degrade at a very slow rate, but the remainder of the garbage in landfills seems to retain its original form, weight, and volume. Even after being buried in a landfill for several years, the print on newspapers remains legible. Landfills also contain a considerable amount of hazardous waste. Today, pesticides, cleansers, and motor oil are commonly found in most households. Many of these find their way to the trash. Therefore, landfills must be designed for the safe disposal of hazardous household waste. Currently, there is a critical shortage of landfills, expecially in the northeastern United States. It is estimated that 40 percent of the landfills now in use will close down within five years. The reason the percentage is so high is that most landfills are designed to be in use for only about ten years. Many landfills now closing are open dumps. Rain and groundwater trickle through the trash and dissolve metals and other chemicals. This toxic liquid, called leachate, can ooze into the ground and contaminate nearby wells and streams. In sanitary landfills, daily deposits of fresh garbage are covered with a layer of dirt or plastic or both. However, sanitary landfills can still exude leachate into the water table. In new sanitary landfills, the basin is often lined with clays and impermeable plastic sheets to keep the leachate in. While so many of the country's landfills are closing down in the next several years, solid-waste engineers face tremendous challenges to properly seal, salvage, and monitor some of the nation's most contaminated dumps. The use of sanitary landfills presents several additional challenges beyond safety and efficiency. One major problem is cost. It is often necessary to transport garbage several hundred miles to an available landfill. The cost for transporting garbage to a landfill can be excessive. An even bigger problem is location. Even if the landfill does not leak pollutants or foul the air, no one wants a landfill for a neighbor. Consequently, the old landfills are not being replaced. Due to the critical shortage of landfills and the concerns about their safety, environmental consciousness has been raised. There is a growing awareness of the need to improve the environment and become less dependent on landfills. We must finds ways to reduce waste, and we must find ways to convert waste into something that can be used again. Source reduction offers a real and lasting contribution toward solving our nation's solid waste problem and conserving landfill space. Talk to your legislators, both federal and state, about this genuine method of reducing the volume of garbage.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

United States Constitution essays

United States Constitution essays The Constitution Right from the beginning of its creation the constitution of the United States has been a shaky document. The very basis for it being there was in fact illegal. The story of American politics starts with the Declaration of Independence. This document was brilliantly written by Thomas Jefferson and compacted all of the great ideas of enlightenment into one short easy to read paper. The declaration stated all of the ideals the new American nation would strive for. A constitution was needed as a way in which to fulfill those goals. The articles of confederacy were created as that constitution. However, they were weak, because no state wanted to give away any of their powers, and so the articles eventually failed. That is when the modern day constitution was starting to form. The Articles of Confederacy stated that in order to change any part of the document all thirteen states must agree to the change. Therefor a meeting was called so that they could amend the failing articles. However, representatives from two of the states did not show up. Even though not all states were represented the meeting started and the first vote was to totally throw away the Articles of Confederacy. The constitution wasnt formed yet and it was already a flawed document. Because not all states were represented when the articles required it, the constitution was an illegal document. The delegates working on the constitution new that they needed a stronger document, because the articles proved too weak, but it still needed to please all of the states. This was impossible. So what ended up happening was the new document became more and more vague. The only way to create a document that would pass was to make a document which didnt really solve any problems but make each state believe that there problems would be fixed. This was accomplished by making it so that it was too vague to offend ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Bi-lingualism and Second Language Acquisition in Children. The Essay

Bi-lingualism and Second Language Acquisition in Children. The benefits of doing so and which approaches are more advisiable What negative aspects highlighted - Essay Example Myths and fears abound but bilinguals themselves can disprove them. It is safe to say that today bilinguals are as successful as monolinguals in various discipline, perhaps even surpassing them. More discussion will be given time on the professional side of dealing with this phenomenon. There can be negative results, it is to be expected, but in our research we noted the positive sides reported by well-known experts in the field of linguistic and language study. Other topics discussed here are the causes of bilingualism, definition of bilingualism and who are to be called bilinguals, the results of the various studies of bilingualism, and other language and linguistic areas of study that affect or are affected by bilingualism. As an introductory part of the subject, we know bilingualism usually means knowing two or more languages; bilinguals can communicate to a group or a larger group, and to a diversified group of people as well. Bilingualism has struck many states throughout the world. More and more states have more than one language due to the presence of immigrants and new comers from places suffering from environmental or man-made forces. Some countries have turned into bilingual with more than two official languages; sometimes their communities speak more than the recognized languages. There are questions that this essay will attempt to answer, questions such as: What is the child’s native language? Should the language in the community or what is popularly spoken be the child’s native language? What must the community and educational institutions do to help bilingual children? What should parents do to deal positively with their bilingual children? Will bilingual children learn English, and will the experience of learning two languages lead to either cognitive or linguistic confusion? There are various phenomenological aspects of bilingualism that can be talked about considering that this is a broad and

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

International Bond and Currency Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Bond and Currency Markets - Essay Example In precise, it also helps in pre-determining the fluctuation of the currency appreciation or depreciation in respect to countries and influenced cross border trade prospects by a substantial extent. It is noteworthy that the volatility of exchange rate, in the short run and also in the long run depends on multiple factors such as the demand and supply prospects in the financial market. Arguably, forecasting in the long run and short run is considered as quite difficult, which can be explained with reference to the Theory of Speculation in the market and the collective belief of the investors about the future prospects (Andreou & Zombanakis, 2006). Based on these underpinnings about the importance of forecasting exchange rate fluctuations, this essay will aim at emphasising the challenges commonly witnessed by analysts when obtaining the intended forecasting results in the short run as well as in the long run performance of the exchange rate. Challenges in Forecasting Exchange Rate in Short Run Arguably, in the short run, the forecasting of exchange rate is nearly impossible. Forecasts, which are delivered by the macroeconomic factors, are generally less accurate than the results obtained through Random Walk theory application. In general, the Random Walk Theory presumes that market changes, in terms of stock-prices changes, are unpredictable. Even though in the long run forecasting, the theory has been considered by many financial investors and analysts, the short run implications of Random Walk theory remains under considerable scrutiny. It is in this context that no claims to substantiate a perfect Random Walk model in the short-run stock price fluctuation were firmly made. On the contrary, arguments centralised on the theory that forecasting stock-prices changes in the short run is challenging owing to the fact that in the short run, the volatility of the exchange rate is less but the speed of convergence based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is slower than that recorded in the long run (Babazadeh & Farrokhnejad, 2012). Correspondingly, it has been argued that the level of exchange rate in the short run is not very predictable, but is also not entirely unpredictable, as the volatility of the currency and the correlation between them vary with time and hence, forecasting becomes challenging (Mitra, 2008). The current account balances, real income of the people, interest rates, the preferences of the consumers regarding the domestic or foreign products, are all signified as market fundamentals influence the stock-prices in the short run, as per the conceptual framework of PPP. As explained by Taylor & Taylor (2004: 135), â€Å"PPP is a disarmingly simple theory that holds that the nominal exchange rate between two currencies should be equal to the ratio of aggregate price levels between the two countries, so that a unit of currency of one country will have the same purchasing power in a foreign country†. Subsequently, it is the m onetary policies, the fiscal policies and the market speculations affect the forecasting decisions in the short run. These factors are important when considering the financial transfers with regards to the

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Anti death penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anti death penalty - Essay Example An example from the history tells us that in 1975, two African American men in Florida named Freddie Pitts and Wilber Lee were granted commutation after twelve long years awaiting death-penalty for the murder of two white men. Their conviction was as a result of constrained confessions, spurious testament and an adduced bystander. After a long time of nine-years of battle in the courts, a white confessed his guilt and Pitts and Wilber were granted absolution by the governor. Had their death-penalty not been delayed due to the court-battles, they would have naively executed (Bedau, November 10, 1999). The history of death penalty can be traced back to the eighteenth century (B.C) when the laws for it were established. As years passed these penalties were used all over the world to kill the guilty people. After the World War II the United States protected pregnant women, elders and children from these death penalties but did not abolish it completely. Over these years many countries ha ve abolished it but the United States still follows it to a certain extent (Death Penalty Information Center 2011). The proponents of the death-penalty justify it by biblical quotations to use death penalty as the ultimate punishment for murders and equivalent crimes. The bible says that the murders must be vindicated: life for life is what the bible says about murders. But the justifications presented cannot be applied in the modern world because of the ethics that apply these days. The bible’s quotation about life for life was for that time when the unjust and violent people were killing innocent and exemplary people. According to most of the people, the death-penalty should be abolished from the U.S and that the criminals must be given a chance to change themselves. Death row inmates can spend their time in the law library and interact with each other and somehow get the wind of the crime of what they have done and accept to change from the bottom of their hearts. The proc ess of death qualification was constitutionally challenged in Lockhart v. McCrea on the basis that it produces unrepresentative and doctrine procumbent juries. The United States Supreme Court rejected such challenges by questioning the truthiness of the relevant social science research. But according to me, the challenges made were completely just and the government should have had taken suitable steps in order to eradicate this barbaric act from the society (Guernsey 2010) The moral disengagement is also an aspect worth discussing in this regard. According to a study by Osofsky, Bandura and Zimbardo in 2005, they took direct words from the executioner. The executioner said that the ECG monitors are in front of him when he carries out the process. His duty is to push the syringe in the veins of the guilty and lower the heart beat of the guilty until it becomes flattened. The harder he pushes, the more flattened is the graph and once he empties the last injection, the pulse rate reac hes zero indicating that the guilty is now dead. He adds further that it is distraught to see someone die in front of him and leaves a great impact on him even after some days. This research helps to conclude that the executioner has vivid thoughts about the incident too as it is a harsh process to be carried out (Osofsky et al 2005). The opponents believe that death-penalty should be abolished because it is a barbaric act of murder which involves the death of an individual in a

Friday, November 15, 2019

Analysis of Land Consumption Rates

Analysis of Land Consumption Rates CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Studies have shown that there remains only few landscapes on the Earth that are still in there natural state. Due to anthropogenic activities, the Earth surface is being significantly altered in some manner and mans presence on the Earth and his use of land has had a profound effect upon the natural environment thus resulting into an observable pattern in the land use/land cover over time. The land use/land cover pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and socio economic factors and their utilization by man in time and space. Land is becoming a scarce resource due to immense agricultural and demographic pressure. Hence, information on land use / land cover and possibilities for their optimal use is essential for the selection, planning and implementation of land use schemes to meet the increasing demands for basic human needs and welfare. This information also assists in monitoring the dynamics of land use resulting out of changing demands of increasing population. Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. The advancement in the concept of vegetation mapping has greatly increased research on land use land cover change thus providing an accurate evaluation of the spread and health of the worlds forest, grassland, and agricultural resources has become an important priority. Viewing the Earth from space is now crucial to the understanding of the influence of mans activities on his natural resource base over time. In situations of rapid and often unrecorded land use change, observations of the earth from space provide objective information of human utilization of the landscape. Over the past years, data from Earth sensing satellites has become vital in mapping the Earths features and infrastructures, managing natural resources and studying environmental change. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are now providing new tools for advanced ecosystem management. The collection of remotely sensed data facilitates the synoptic analyses of Earth system function, patterning, and change at local, regional and global scales over time; such data also provide an important link between intensive, localized ecological research and regional, national and international conservation and management of biological diversity (Wilkie and Finn, 1996). Therefore, attempt will be made in this study to map out the status of land use land cover of Ilorin between 1972 and 2001 with a view to detecting the land consumption rate and the changes that has taken place in this status particularly in the built-up land so as to predict possible changes that might take place in this status in the next 14 years using both Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing data. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Ilorin, the Kwara State, capital has witnessed remarkable expansion, growth and developmental activities such as building, road construction, deforestation and many other anthropogenic activities since its inception in 1967 just like many other state capitals in Nigeria. This has therefore resulted in increased land consumption and a modification and alterations in the status of her land use land cover over time without any detailed and comprehensive attempt (as provided by a Remote Sensing data and GIS) to evaluate this status as it changes over time with a view to detecting the land consumption rate and also make attempt to predict same and the possible changes that may occur in this status so that planners can have a basic tool for planning. It is therefore necessary for a study such as this to be carried out if Ilorin will avoid the associated problems of a growing and expanding city like many others in the world. 1.3 Justification for the Study Attempt has been made to document the growth of Ilorin in the past but that from an aerial photography (Olorunfemi, 1983). In recent times, the dynamics of Land use Land cover and particularly settlement expansion in the area requires a more powerful and sophisticated system such as GIS and Remote Sensing data which provides a general extensive synoptic coverage of large areas than area photography 1.4 Aim and Objectives 1.4.1 Aim The aim of this study is to produce a land use land cover map of Ilorin at different epochs in order to detect the changes that have taken place particularly in the built-up land and subsequently predict likely changes that might take place in the same over a given period. 1.4.2 Objectives The following specific objectives will be pursued in order to achieve the aim above. To create a land use land cover classification scheme To determine the trend, nature, rate, location and magnitude of land use land cover change. To forecast the future pattern of land use land cover in the area. To generate data on land consumption rate and land absorption coefficient  since more emphasis is placed on built-up land. To evaluate the socio economic implications of predicted change. 1.5 The Study Area The study area (Ilorin) is the capital of Kwara State. It is located on latitude 80 31 N and 40 35 E with an Area of about 100km square (Kwara State Diary1997). Being situated in the transitional zone; between the forest and the savanna region of Nigeria i.e. the North and the West coastal region, it therefore serves as a melting point between the northern and southern culture.(Oyebanji, 1993). Her geology consists of pre-Cambrian basement complex with an elevation which ranges between 273m to 333m in the West and 200m to 364m in the East. The landscape of the region (Ilorin) is relatively flat, this means it is located on a plain and is crested by two large rivers, the river Asa and Oyun which flows in North South direction divides the plain into two; Western and Eastern part (Oyebanji, 1993). The climate is humid tropical type and is characterized by wet and dry seasons (Ilorin Atlas 1981). The wet season begins towards the end of March and ends in October. A dry season in the town begins with the onset of tropical continental air mass commonly referred to as harmattan. This wind is usually predominant between the months of November and February (Olaniran 2002). The temperature is uniformly high throughout the year. The mean monthly temperature of the town for the period of 1991 2000 varies between 250 C and 29.50 C with the month of March having about 300C. Ilorin falls into the southern savanna zone. This zone is a transition between the high forest in the southern part of the country and the far North with woodland properties. (Osoba, 1980). Her vegetation is characterized by scattered tall tree shrubs of between the height of ten and twelve feet. Oyegun in 1993 described the vegetation to be predominantly covered by derived savannah found in East and West and are noted for their dry lowland rainforest vegetal cover. As noted by Oyegun in 1983, Ilorin is one of the fastest growing urban centers in Nigeria. Her rate of population growth is much higher than for other cities in the country (Oyegun, 1983). Ilorin city has grown in both population and areal extent at a fast pace since 1967 (Oyegun, 1983). The Enplan group (1977) puts the population at 400,000 which made it then the sixth largest town in Nigeria. The town had a population of 40, 990 in 1952 and 208, 546 in 1963 and was estimated as 474, 835 in 1982 (Oyegun, 1983). In 1984, the population was 480, 000 (Oyegun, 1985). This trend in population growth rate shows a rapid growth in population. The growth rate between 1952 and 1963 according to Oyebanji, 1983 is put at 16.0 which is higher than other cities in the country. The population as estimated by the 1991 population census was put at 570,000. 1.6 Definition of Terms (i) Remote sensing: Can be defined as any process whereby information is gathered about an object, area or phenomenon without being in contact with it. Given this rather general definition, the term has come to be associated more specifically with the gauging of interactions between earth surface materials and electromagnetic energy. (Idrisi 32 guide to GIS and Image processing, volume 1). (ii) Geographic Information system: A computer assisted system for the acquisition, storage, analysis and display of geographic data (Idrisi 32 guide to GIS and Image processing, volume 1). (iii) Land use: This is the manner in which human beings employ the land and its resources. (iv) Land cover: Implies the physical or natural state of the Eaths surface. CHAPTER TWO 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW According to Meyer, 1999 every parcel of land on the Earths surface is unique in the cover it possesses. Land use and land cover are distinct yet closely linked characteristics of the Earths surface. The use to which we put land could be grazing, agriculture, urban development, logging, and mining among many others. While land cover categories could be cropland, forest, wetland, pasture, roads, urban areas among others. The term land cover originally referred to the kind and state of vegetation, such as forest or grass cover but it has broadened in subsequent usage to include other things such as human structures, soil type, biodiversity, surface and ground water (Meyer, 1995). Land use affects land cover and changes in land cover affect land use. A change in either however is not necessarily the product of the other. Changes in land cover by land use do not necessarily imply degradation of the land. However, many shifting land use patterns driven by a variety of social causes, result in land cover changes that affects biodiversity, water and radiation budgets, trace gas emissions and other processes that come together to affect climate and biosphere (Riebsame, Meyer, and Turner, 1994). Land cover can be altered by forces other than anthropogenic. Natural events such as weather, flooding, fire, climate fluctuations, and ecosystem dynamics may also initiate modifications upon land cover. Globally, land cover today is altered principally by direct human use: by agriculture and livestock raising, forest harvesting and management and urban and suburban construction and development. There are also incidental impacts on land cover from other human activities such as forest and lakes damaged by acid rain from fossil fuel combustion and crops near cities damaged by tropospheric ozone resulting from automobile exhaust (Meyer, 1995). Hence, in order to use land optimally, it is not only necessary to have the information on existing land use land cover but also the capability to monitor the dynamics of land use resulting out of both changing demands of increasing population and forces of nature acting to shape the landscape. Conventional ground methods of land use mapping are labor intensive, time consuming and are done relatively infrequently. These maps soon become outdated with the passage of time, particularly in a rapid changing environment. In fact according to Olorunfemi (1983), monitoring changes and time series analysis is quite difficult with traditional method of surveying. In recent years, satellite remote sensing techniques have been developed, which have proved to be of immense value for preparing accurate land use land cover maps and monitoring changes at regular intervals of time. In case of inaccessible region, this technique is perhaps the only method of obtaining the required data on a cost and time effective basis. A remote sensing device records response which is based on many characteristics of the land surface, including natural and artificial cover. An interpreter uses the element of tone, texture, pattern, shape, size, shadow, site and association to derive information about land cover. The generation of remotely sensed data/images by various types of sensor flown aboard different platforms at varying heights above the terrain and at different times of the day and the year does not lead to a simple classification system. It is often believed that no single classification could be used with all types of imagery and all scales. To date, the most successful attempt in developing a general purpose classification scheme compatible with remote sensing data has been by Anderson et al which is also referred to as USGS classification scheme. Other classification schemes available for use with remotely sensed data are basically modification of the above classification scheme. Ever since the launch of the first remote sensing satellite (Landsat-1) in 1972, land use land cover studies were carried out on different scales for different users. For instance, waste land mapping of India was carried out on 1:1 million scales by NRSA using 1980 82 landsat multi spectral scanner data. About 16.2% of waste lands were estimated based on the study. Xiaomei Y, and Rong Qing L.Q.Y in 1999 noted that information about change is necessary for updating land cover maps and the management of natural resources. The information may be obtained by visiting sites on the ground and or extracting it from remotely sensed data. Change detection is the process of identifying differences in the state of an object or phenomenon by observing it at different times (Singh, 1989). Change detection is an important process in monitoring and managing natural resources and urban development because it provides quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of the population of interest. Macleod and Congation (1998) list four aspects of change detection which are important when monitoring natural resources: i. Detecting the changes that have occurred ii. Identifying the nature of the change iii. Measuring the area extent of the change iv. Assessing the spatial pattern of the change The basis of using remote sensing data for change detection is that changes in land cover result in changes in radiance values which can be remotely sensed. Techniques to perform change detection with satellite imagery have become numerous as a result of increasing versatility in manipulating digital data and increasing computer power. A wide variety of digital change detection techniques have been developed over the last two decades. Singh (1989) and Coppin Bauer (1996) summarize eleven different change detection algorithms that were found to be documented in the literature by 1995. These include: 1. Mono-temporal change delineation. 2. Delta or post classification comparisons. 3. Multidimensional temporal feature space analysis. 4. Composite analysis. 5. Image differencing. 6. Multitemporal linear data transformation. 7. Change vector analysis. 8. Image regression. 9. Multitemporal biomass index 10. Background subtraction. 11. Image ratioing In some instances, land use land cover change may result in environmental, social and economic impacts of greater damage than benefit to the area (Moshen A, 1999). Therefore data on land use change are of great importance to planners in monitoring the consequences of land use change on the area. Such data are of value to resources management and agencies that plan and assess land use patterns and in modeling and predicting future changes. Shosheng and Kutiel (1994) investigated the advantages of remote sensing techniques in relation to field surveys in providing a regional description of vegetation cover. The results of their research were used to produce four vegetation cover maps that provided new information on spatial and temporal distributions of vegetation in this area and allowed regional quantitative assessment of the vegetation cover. Arvind C. Pandy and M. S. Nathawat (2006) carried out a study on land use land cover mapping of Panchkula, Ambala and Yamunanger districts, Hangana State in India. They observed that the heterogeneous climate and physiographic conditions in these districts has resulted in the development of different land use land cover in these districts, an evaluation by digital analysis of satellite data indicates that majority of areas in these districts are used for agricultural purpose. The hilly regions exhibit fair development of reserved forests. It is inferred that land use land cover pattern in the area are generally controlled by agro climatic conditions, ground water potential and a host of other factors. It has been noted over time through series of studies that Landsat Thematic Mapper is adequate for general extensive synoptic coverage of large areas. As a result, this reduces the need for expensive and time consuming ground surveys conducted for validation of data. Generally, satellite imagery is able to provide more frequent data collection on a regular basis unlike aerial photographs which although may provide more geometrically accurate maps, is limited in respect to its extent of coverage and expensive; which means, it is not often used. In 1985, the U.S Geological Survey carried out a research program to produce 1:250,000 scale land cover maps for Alaska using Landsat MSS data (Fitz Patrick et al, 1987).The State of Maryland Health Resources Planning Commission also used Landsat TM data to create a land cover data set for inclusion in their Maryland Geographic Information (MAGI) database. All seven TM bands were used to produce a 21 class land cover map (EOSAT 1992). Also, in 1992, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources completed mapping the entire State of Georgia to identify and quantify wetlands and other land cover types using Landsat Thematic Mapper â„ ¢ data (ERDAS, 1992). The State of southern Carolina Lands Resources Conservation Commission developed a detailed land cover map composed of 19 classes from TM data (EOSAT, 1994). This mapping effort employed multi-temporal imagery as well as multi-spectral data during classification. An analysis of land use and land cover changes using the combination of MSS Landsat and land use map of Indonesia (Dimyati, 1995) reveals that land use land cover change were evaluated by using remote sensing to calculate the index of changes which was done by the superimposition of land use land cover images of 1972, 1984 and land use maps of 1990. This was done to analyze the pattern of change in the area, which was rather difficult with the traditional method of surveying as noted by Olorunfemi in 1983 when he was using aerial photographic approach to monitor urban land use in developing countries with Ilorin in Nigeria as the case study. Daniel et al, 2002 in their comparison of land use land cover change detection methods, made use of 5 methods viz; traditional post classification cross tabulation, cross correlation analysis, neural networks, knowledge based expert systems, and image segmentation and object oriented classification. A combination of direct T1 and T2 change detection as well as post classification analysis was employed. Nine land use land cover classes were selected for analysis. They observed that there are merits to each of the five methods examined, and that, at the point of their research, no single approach can solve the land use change detection problem. Also, Adeniyi and Omojola, (1999) in their land use land cover change evaluation in Sokoto Rima Basin of North Western Nigeria based on Archival Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, used aerial photographs, Landsat MSS, SPOT XS/Panchromatic image Transparency and Topographic map sheets to study changes in the two dams (Sokoto and Guronyo) between 1962 and 1986. The work revealed that land use land cover of both areas was unchanged before the construction while settlement alone covered most part of the area. However, during the post dam era, land use /land cover classes changed but with settlement still remaining the largest. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The procedure adopted in this research work forms the basis for deriving statistics of land use dynamics and subsequently in the overall, the findings. 3.2 Data Acquired and Source For the study, Landsat satellite images of Kwara State were acquired for three Epochs; 1972, 1986 and 2001. Both 1972 and 1986 were obtained from Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) an Earth Science Data Interface, while that of 2001 was obtained from National Space Research and Development Agency in Abuja (NASRDA). 0n both 2001 and 1986 images, a notable feature can be observed which is the Asa dam which was not yet constructed as of 1972. It is also important to state that Ilorin and its environs which were carved out using the local government boundary map and Nigerian Administrative map was also obtained from NASRDA. These were brought to Universal Transverse Marcator projection in zone 31. Table 3.1 Data Source 3.2.1 Geo-referencing Properties of the Images The geo-referencing properties of both 1986 2001 are the same while image thinning was applied to the 1972 imagery which has a resolution of 80m using a factor of two to modify its properties and resolution to conform to the other two has given below; Data type: rgb8 File type: binary Columns: 535 Rows: 552 Referencing system: utm-31 Reference units: m Unit distance: 1 Minimum X: 657046.848948 Maximum X: 687541.848948 Minimum Y: 921714.403281 Maximum Y: 953178.403281 Min Value: 0 Max Value: 215 Display Minimum: 0 Display Maximum: 215 Image thinning was carried out through contract; contract generalizes an image by reducing the number of rows and columns while simultaneously decreasing the cell resolution. Contraction may take place by pixel thinning or pixel aggregation with the contracting factors in X and Y being independently defined. With pixel thinning, every nth pixel is kept while the remaining is thrown away. 3.3 Software Used Basically, five software were used for this project viz; (a) ArcView 3.2a this was used for displaying and subsequent processing and enhancement of the image. It was also used for the carving out of Ilorin region from the whole Kwara State imagery using both the admin and local government maps. (b) ArcGIS This was also used to compliment the display and processing of the data (c) Idrisi32 This was used for the development of land use land cover classes and subsequently for change detection analysis of the study area. (d) Microsoft word was used basically for the presentation of the research. (e) Microsoft Excel was used in producing the bar graph. 3.4 Development of a Classification Scheme Based on the priori knowledge of the study area for over 20 years and a brief reconnaissance survey with additional information from previous research in the study area, a classification scheme was developed for the study area after Anderson et al (1967). The classification scheme developed gives a rather broad classification where the land use land cover was identified by a single digit. Table 3.2 Land use land cover classification scheme The classification scheme given in table 3.2 is a modification of Andersons in 1967 The definition of waste land as used in this research work denotes land without scrub, sandy areas, dry grasses, rocky areas and other human induced barren lands. 3.5 Limitation(s) in the Study There was a major limitation as a result of resolution difference. Landsat image of 1972 was acquired with the multi spectral scanner (MSS) which has a spatial resolution of 80 meters, whilst the images of 1986 and 2001 were acquired with Thematic Mapper â„ ¢ and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) respectively. These both have a spatial resolution of 30 meters. Although this limitation was corrected for through image thinning of the 1972, it still prevented its use for projecting into the future so as to have a consistent result. Apart from this, it produced an arbitrary classification of water body for the 1972 classification. 3.6 Methods of Data Analysis Six main methods of data analysis were adopted in this study. (i) Calculation of the Area in hectares of the resulting land use/land cover types for each study year and subsequently comparing the results. (ii) Markov Chain and Cellular Automata Analysis for predicting change (iii) Overlay Operations (iv) Image thinning (v) Maximum Likelihood Classification (vi) Land Consumption Rate and Absorption Coefficient The fist three methods above were used for identifying change in the land use types. Therefore, they have been combined in this study. The comparison of the land use land cover statistics assisted in identifying the percentage change, trend and rate of change between 1972 and 2001. In achieving this, the first task was to develop a table showing the area in hectares and the percentage change for each year (1972, 1986 and 2001) measured against each land use land cover type. Percentage change to determine the trend of change can then be calculated by dividing observed change by sum of changes multiplied by 100 (trend) percentage change = observed change * 100 Sum of change In obtaining annual rate of change, the percentage change is divided by 100 and multiplied by the number of study year 1972 1986 (14years) 1986 2001 (15years) Going by the second method (Markov Chain Analysis and Cellular Automata Analysis), Markov Chain Analysis is a convenient tool for modeling land use change when changes and processes in the landscape are difficult to describe. A Markovian process is one in which the future state of a system can be modeled purely on the basis of the immediately preceding state. Markovian chain analysis will describe land use change from one period to another and use this as the basis to project future changes. This is achieved by developing a transition probability matrix of land use change from time one to time two, which shows the nature of change while still serving as the basis for projecting to a later time period .The transition probability may be accurate on a per category basis, but there is no knowledge of the spatial distribution of occurrences within each land use category. Hence, Cellular Automata (CA) was used to add spatial character to the model. CA_Markov uses the output from the Markov Chain Analysis particularly Transition Area file to apply a contiguity filter to grow out land use from time two to a later time period. In essence, the CA will develop a spatially explicit weighting more heavily areas that proximate to existing land uses. This will ensure that land use change occurs proximate to existing like land use classes, and not wholly random. Overlay operations which is the last method of the three, identifies the actual location and magnitude of change although this was limited to the built-up land. Boolean logic was applied to the result through the reclass module of idrisi32 which assisted in mapping out separately areas of change for which magnitude was later calculated for. The Land consumption rate and absorption coefficient formula are give below; L.C.R = A P A = areal extent of the city in hectares P = population L.A.C = A2 A1 P2 P1 A1 and A2 are the areal extents (in hectares) for the early and later years, and P1 and P2 are population figure for the early and later years respectively (Yeates and Garner, 1976) L.C.R = A measure of compactness which indicates a progressive spatial expansion of a city. L.A.C = A measure of change in consumption of new urban land by each unit increase in urban population Both the 2001 and 2015 population figures were estimated from the 1991 and the estimated 2001 population figures of Ilorin respectively using the recommended National Population Commission (NPC) 2.1% growth rate as obtained from the 1963/1991 censuses. The first task to estimating the population figures was to multiply the growth rate by the census figures of Ilorin in both years (1991, 2001) while subsequently dividing same by 100. The result was then multiplied by the number of years being projected for, the result of which was then added to the base year population (1991, 2001). This is represented in the formula below; n = r/100 * Po (1) Pn = Po + (n * t) (2) Pn = estimated population (2001, 2015) Po = base year population (1991 2001 population figure) r = growth rate (2.1%) n = annual population growth t = number of years projecting for *The formula given for the population estimate was developed by the researcher In evaluating the socio economic implications of change, the effect of observed changes in the land use and land cover between 1972 and 2001 were used as major criteria. CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS 4.0 Introduction The objective of this study forms the basis of all the analysis carried out in this chapter. The results are presented inform of maps, charts and statistical tables. They include the static, change and projected land use land cover of each class. 4.1 Land Use Land Cover Distribution The static land use land cover distribution for each study year as derived from the maps are presented in the table below LANDUSE/LAND COVER CATEGORIES 1972 1986 2001 AREA (Ha.) AREA (%)

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Total Quality Management (TQM) :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Total Quality Management Total Quality Management is a structured system for satisfying internal and external customers and suppliers by integrating the business environment, continuous improvement, and breakthroughs with development, improvement, and maintenance cycles while changing organizational culture. A remarkable thing is happening as we see the awakening of the individual and the collaboration of empowered people in the team effort of total quality management. It is a renewing, a reinforcing and a building of a bridge of trust among the individuals responsible for accomplishing a common goal (The Total Quality Review; May 1994). One of the goals is to build an organizational environment conducive to job redesign and cross training in order to facilitate job flexibility. TQM initiatives in areas of common concern provide an opportunity to form and better control the relationship with a company's external vital customers and suppliers. TQM is essential for companies seeking to provide quality goods and services to their customers. The end result is that they will enjoy prosperity and long-term growth. "In order to compete in a global economy, our products, systems and services must be of a higher quality than our competition. Increasing Total Quality is our number on priority here at Hewlett-Packard. -John Young, President of Hewlett-Packard" (www.dmu.ac.uk.htm). Often companies find themselves faced with a dilemma that is rooted to a lack of TQM. This was the case with Apple Computers. They were unable to conceive a working, productive relationship between their managers and engineers. Apple found themselves unable to alleviate this problem, which ultimately hindered it from responding to environmental changes. The positive effects of TQM has transcended down through the ranks. Non-profit organizations have begun to embrace TQM throughout their organization, relying on the positive results found throughout the business world. Even the Health care industry has initiated TQM to promote excellence in nursing, urging nurses to apply quality improvement.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

A Review of “Todo Sobre Mi Madre (All About My Mother)” Essay

The Spanish culture has been known for its masculinity. Bullfighters, soccer players, and other manly figures are often associated with the image of the Spanish culture. They had even introduced the word â€Å"machismo† to the English language. One movie provides us a slice of the Spanish culture: â€Å"Todo Sobre Mi Madre (All About My Mother)†, a film written and directed by Pedro Almodà ³var. The film had received a wide reception both in Spain and other parts of the world. The film â€Å"Todo Sobre Mi Madre (All About My Mother)† talks about an issue that is very rarely associated with the Spanish culture: Womanhood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story was basically about Manuela’s search for the father of her dead son, Esteban. Manuela did not tell her son anything about his real father, she only told her that he was already dead long before he was born. However, Esteban wanted to know his father better than her mother’s one-sentence description. As the driving conflict of the story, Esteban died and his notebook revealed that he desired to know his father. It would be revealed that Esteban’s real father was a prostitute transvestite with the name Lola. The search for the man named Lola had set Manuela’s life in a rollercoaster ride full of unpredictable turns and loops. During the course of the search, Manuela meets colorful people that would make her realize that life is still worth living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Almodà ³var’s plot could be described as unpredictable, which gives the film realism. Conflicts are introduced one after another, and at some points intertwined. The camera work was executed with high regard to modern aesthetics. The characters were beautifully designed, some so realistic but most are certainly peculiar. Manuela’s search for Lola had led her back to the underground world of Barcelona, where transvestites were not an uncommon. The underground version of Barcelona is certainly a visual treat to the audience to an unfamiliar yet colorful world. There, Manuela meets up with old friends, like Agrado, and some new ones. In addition, through those new relationships, Manuela had somehow managed to heal a portion of the wound inflicted by the death of her son.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The film’s highlighting of womanhood in the Spanish context is admirable. From the title alone, â€Å"All About My Mother†, the audience are immediately notified that this would be a story about a woman. Even the name of the protagonist Manuela, supposedly derived from a man’s name: Manuel, suggests that this film would talk about womanhood. But the most interesting aspect of the film is the inclusion of a transvestite. It would be helpful to reiterate that the Spanish culture takes pride on its oozing masculinity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, womanhood was not entirely glorified by the film. It seems that the film had utilized a negative and rather offensive stereotype to women. In the initial part of the story, Manuela had told Esteban that his father had died long before he was born. It would not take long that the audience would discover that Manuela is telling a lie. There are other points within the narrative that a woman (and the woman-like) would tell lies. It seems that Almodà ³var is arguing that Spanish women make lies, not because there is a lack of morals, but for the benefit of others, much like a white lie. Manuela did not inform Esteban about the unconventional truth about his father, supposedly to protect her son from the implications of having a transvestite for a father.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Almodà ³var’s casting of a woman protagonist and transsexual males could be interpreted as a social satire, but if we try to analyze the intention behind the film, we are likely to arrive at a positive note. â€Å"Todo Sobre Mi Madre (All About My Mother)† becomes a representative for the Spanish culture. Other cultures who would watch the film would realize that the Spanish community is not all about machismo. The film somewhat deconstructs the stereotyped image of the Spanish culture as being male-dominated. The film is seemingly arguing that the Spanish women are just as interesting as Spanish men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All in all, Almodà ³var’s â€Å"Todo Sobre Mi Madre (All About My Mother)† shares the culture of the Spaniards in a new yet more vibrant light. The English subtitles are really helpful for those without a background on the Spanish language. However, the original language should be preserved for the audience to have a distinct Spanish experience. Bibliography ALMODÓVAR, P. (1999) â€Å"Todo Sobre Mi Madre (All About My Mother)†   

Friday, November 8, 2019

Development of Piano essays

Development of Piano essays The piano is the most popular instrument. It is not too much to say that more people know how to play the piano than any other instrument. The history of making the piano and piano technique has had a lot of development since the 18th century. There were many forms of piano system and techniques in earlier times. A lot of attempts and efforts since then have created a well-done and popular instrument, which is the modern piano. The piano is an instrument which makes sound with vibrations. The hammers in the piano strike the strings, and then the vibration of the strings is transmitted to a soundboard. Even though the sounding system of early and modern piano is pretty similar, there are some differences between of them. Modern hammers are covered with felt, but early hammers were covered with leather. The modern piano has a cast-iron frame capable of withstanding the tremendous tension of the strings which makes a louder sound than earlier ones. On the other hand, early piano had wood frames and could only lightly string. These are only examples of differences between past and present pianos. In fact, there are many differences between the two kinds of instrument. The first piano was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori. He conceived Gravecembalo col piano e forte, which is a harpsichord which can produce soft and loud sounds, in 1709. In the mid-18th century, the piano had become widely popular. Also, the composers who wrote for the piano such as Wolfgang Amadeous Mozart and Muzio Clementi, were in an important position because the development of a specialized piano style of playing and composing helped make the piano popular. Around 1860, the square piano was replaced by upright piano which was made with the design of upright harpsichords with the strings rising from keyboard level. Actually, the upright piano was very tall, but it was made shorter and more suitable for small rooms by Hawkins later. ...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Free Essays on Rise And Fall Of Hitler

The Rise And Fall Of Adolf Hitler Adolph Hitler was born in Braunau An Inn, Austria-Hungary in 1889. He was the fourth child of Klara and Alois Hitler. Adolf’s father worked his way up in the Austrian customs service to a position of considerable status. Therefore Adolph had a comfortable childhood. He began school in 1900 with grades above average. He and his father strongly differed about career plans. Alois wanted him to enter civil service but Adolf strongly wanted to become an artist. Not long after he dropped out of school, his father died. His mother also died soon after his father. It was between 1910 and 1913 when Adolph’s life improved. After the death of Adolph’s mother and father he began to paint and sell postcards and pictures for a living. The breakout of World War I came as an opportunity for Hitler. He volunteered for a Bavarian unit in the German army and served during the whole war. When the war was over, he returned to Munich. While in Munich, he was selected to be a political speaker by the local army headquarters. His speaking success led to his selection as an observer of political groups in the Munich area. The Germans’ Worker Party or Nazi became his main political focus. Here he found outlet for his talents in political agitation and party organization. Hitler appealed to a wide variety of people by combining an effective and carefully rehearsed speaking style with what looked like absolute sincerity and determination. At the end of World War I, the allies had demanded that Germany pay reparations. When Germany refused, France and Belgium occupied the coalmines on January 1923. On November 8,1923, Hitler and 600 armed members of the S.A made their move. They marched on to Munich Beer Hall where Gustav Von Kahr was addressing a public meeting. Hitler took Von Kahr hostage and released him when Von Kahr immediately outlawed the Nazi party and ordered the Bava... Free Essays on Rise And Fall Of Hitler Free Essays on Rise And Fall Of Hitler The Rise And Fall Of Adolf Hitler Adolph Hitler was born in Braunau An Inn, Austria-Hungary in 1889. He was the fourth child of Klara and Alois Hitler. Adolf’s father worked his way up in the Austrian customs service to a position of considerable status. Therefore Adolph had a comfortable childhood. He began school in 1900 with grades above average. He and his father strongly differed about career plans. Alois wanted him to enter civil service but Adolf strongly wanted to become an artist. Not long after he dropped out of school, his father died. His mother also died soon after his father. It was between 1910 and 1913 when Adolph’s life improved. After the death of Adolph’s mother and father he began to paint and sell postcards and pictures for a living. The breakout of World War I came as an opportunity for Hitler. He volunteered for a Bavarian unit in the German army and served during the whole war. When the war was over, he returned to Munich. While in Munich, he was selected to be a political speaker by the local army headquarters. His speaking success led to his selection as an observer of political groups in the Munich area. The Germans’ Worker Party or Nazi became his main political focus. Here he found outlet for his talents in political agitation and party organization. Hitler appealed to a wide variety of people by combining an effective and carefully rehearsed speaking style with what looked like absolute sincerity and determination. At the end of World War I, the allies had demanded that Germany pay reparations. When Germany refused, France and Belgium occupied the coalmines on January 1923. On November 8,1923, Hitler and 600 armed members of the S.A made their move. They marched on to Munich Beer Hall where Gustav Von Kahr was addressing a public meeting. Hitler took Von Kahr hostage and released him when Von Kahr immediately outlawed the Nazi party and ordered the Bava...

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Biggest Problems Facing Small Business Research Paper

Biggest Problems Facing Small Business - Research Paper Example From this paper it is clear that in today’s business environment it is necessary for a small business to think beyond survival.   Lack of key management services could limit the success of a small business. An entrepreneur is one who possesses a burning desire to make a change through dedication, determination and hard work, knowing that it satisfies their ultimate business and personal objectives. Entrepreneur is a term applied to the individual who is ready to take upon him or herself a new enterprise or venture and accepts complete accountability for the outcome.Entrepreneurship refers to a company formed with an express goal of growing with a defined growth path. Small businesses are generally consortium of professionals or a family-owned company formed with specific objectives in place. In majority of the cases, providing adequate income is more important than aggressive growth.As the discussion highlights the rising advertising and promotional tools have made it really difficult for a small business to make a mark or even survive. Traditional methods of promotion and advertising do not help the consumers in the brand recognition. The management must ensure delivering of their promises and high quality experience on the first purchase of the consumer. If the experience of the consumer is not good on the first instance itself then it will lead to negative publicity and the business will not get an extra chance. Problems and Challenges Entrepreneurs have become one of the most vibrant forces in the economy with the boom in internet and technology. They are now driving the boom in technology, which itself is driving majority of the economic growth of the world making entrepreneurs very significant from a macro-economic perspective. They have a major impact on the economy. Due to growing globalization, the impact will be felt even more deeply. They have already become a major force in developing nations and in the worldwide economy. The scope of entrepreneurship will continue to change and evolve with the changing world. Some common issues pertaining to business continue to exist such as how to start a business, how to finance it, how to run the business with a sharing and learning environment within the community. Entrepreneurism is an established field with a wide range of problems at various stages of the enterprises. The challenge of starting a business is a common factor for all the entrepreneurs. Be it looking for an idea, through inventing something, finding the right opportunity to buy a franchise or breaking into a new business. Financing their entrepreneurial venture is a challenge faced by all the entrepreneurs. They are even faced with financial hurdles within corporate rules. So unless it is a self-funded venture, getting finances is a challenge that requires preparation of applications or funding proposals to be presented for IPO’s, angel investors, loans or even venture capital. There is no smooth sailing through even after passing the above challenges. Minute glitches should be taken into consideration having a good business plan. The implementation stage is very essential for a

Friday, November 1, 2019

Existing Economic Research on Benefits and Opportunities of Public Term Paper

Existing Economic Research on Benefits and Opportunities of Public Education - Term Paper Example The paper focuses on the benefits and opportunities of public education with optimal policy suggestions for improvement. Summaries The article, Identity and Schooling: Some Lessons of the Economics of Education written by Akerlof and Kranton describes the identity generation of the students in several educational institutions. The pupils attending the privately managed schools generally tend to emerge from more socio-economically advanced backgrounds and the pupils from weak financial background opt for a public school education. In other words there lies a socio-economic stratification of the students attending publicly and privately managed schools. Identity generation is the prime motive in both types of educational institutions. For the development of identity, the economists often focus on the social interactions of the pupils in schools. The quality of the school is an important parameter in establishing the way in which the students fit themselves in a school’s social s etting. Again, the academic achievement is also a prime variable for the development of the identity of a student. ... selves to some social categories or groups with varied racial and ethnic designations which are found in the instances of the words used such as jock and nerds. Remaining within a social group, stereotypical physical attributes are developed within the individuals and the utility loss and gain are simultaneously related with low or high status respectively1. Educational achievement of the students also depends on the internalization of the school values among the students. Comer has demonstrated the disciplinary process with the case of an angry fifth grader attacking a small child with his belt. The teacher instead of punishing him helped the child to write a letter to his father who has been denied a pass from the jail for the Christmas. The teacher made the child understand that he could not take out his anger over other children in the school. The teacher taught him how to obey the rules. This internalization of moral values as entrusted upon the students by the school authoritie s should help the students in achieving success in their future life2. In the article, Competition between Private and Public Schools, Vouchers and Peer-Group Effects written by Epple and Romano, the competitive strategies adopted in the private schools and the public school are described. An overall preexisting notion is that the public schools are more or less tax free institutions. On the other hand the private schools are basically known to be institutions which are tax financed and the students studying in those schools have to pay tuition fees. Similarly there is also a pre-existing notion about the social positioning of the students studying in public school and the private schools. Various measures of reforms in the educational system have been encountered in the past decades. One

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

What is a source of nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is a source of nursing research - Essay Example All nursing research are fuelled by an identified gap in practical field that must be addressed to better nursing care, often this is regarded as the research problem (Winsett & Cashion, 2007). Nursing research can be identified by a wide search on different topics in current journals on health. Most journals give current information on trends in health, life style disease and health practices in various groups of people in the population. Analyzing these journals with an interest of identifying areas that have inadequate information or problems that stand unsolved will often avail chances of coming up with research problems (Winsett & Cashion, 2007). For instance a journal containing information about the menace of drug resistance among a certain population may provoke several questions which will ultimately lead to fining a research problem. Drug resistance is broad however a narrower research topic can be coined out to help better the understanding why drug resistance is a menace to the public health. Using drug resistance as the broader topic, a research topic such as; assessing the knowledge and awareness of a certain population on the dangers of noncompliance to an tibiotic therapy. This is a potential research study meant to reveal why the population is having a problem of drug

Monday, October 28, 2019

Chilean Mine Collapse Essay Example for Free

Chilean Mine Collapse Essay On August 5, 2011, the San Jose Mine, a small copper operation in northern Chile owned by Minera San Esteban Primera suffered a cave-in (Weik, 2010, p.65). Thirty-three workers were trapped 2,200-feet underground although facts, footage, and speculations of the disaster unraveled on the surface, which was covered by news stations around the world. As most of the world watched through the eyes and words of reporters, hoping for the miner’s safe rescue and return, many had doubts. â€Å"While few Chileans dared say it out loud, most of the country felt the miners were probably dead. But Fidel Bà ¡ez believed in his heart they were alive† (Yang, 2010, p.1). As the first few days turned into weeks, family members and loved ones of the 33 trapped miners held vigils outside of the mine entrance, at a make shift camp, which they named â€Å"Camp Hope† (Yang, 2010, p.1). Families, along with the rest of the world watched and waited for information on the proposed rescue plan. During those darkest days of not knowing, the families must have found comfort with each other. As other families of trapped miners were the only people who could understand what each individual was feeling and the uncertainty that no one wanted to concede. As the rescue efforts continued what information and details were given the families who lived at Camp Hope. This saga closely followed would show classic patterns of human behavior under extreme pressure with an exact ending of this drama, especially the timing, remaining uncertain. Going forward, the story is not about life and death. It is about endurance, resilience, and the power of hope. For 17 days loved ones of those trapped should have received counseling to pray for the best, but be prepared for the worse. Any information obtained by the experts should have been shared with all families of the trapped miners. Grief counseling would have been a necessity. Once that drill hit an opening, indicated by the air pressure disappearing, the families would need to bond together to endure whatever future lied ahead. As fate would have the families along with the rest of the world would soon receive a note from below stating â€Å"we are fine in the refuge, all 33 of us† (Yang, 2010, p.1). During the following weeks that soon became months, families and loved ones needed to continue working with a support system among themselves and also with an expert who had been trained in disaster situations or crisis intervention. While prayers from around the world are sent from people these families will never meet, a potential concern, probably in the back of their minds, but definitely present would have been a financial one. Needs of the families were not just limited to emotional matters but also to financial concerns. Families in this type of position need to focus on their faith and health and not if the bills will be paid. The miner’s families need time to cope and deal with whatever loss may lie ahead, while the miner’s employer should make sure that those financial concerns are addressed and handled. As a community, workers of this mining company would also have experienced the same concerns and emotional issues plagued by many of the families. Coworkers, who remained safe while their friends were buried alive, would need counseling and information to sustain them through the next couple of weeks. The thoughts of â€Å"it should have been me† had to have been evident and in abundance among the men whose only position was to wait to see and what fate would hold for their friends. As addressed to the families of those trapped, all employees would face financial concerns as long as the mining company ceased all operations while rescue efforts where underway to free the 33 miner’s trapped 2,200-feet below the earth’s surface. As all able personnel, including hundreds of people who did everything possible to free their trapped coworkers and friends, the mining company would need to make sure that the financial needs of all employees were met. It was a complete team effort from the company owner to last person on the payroll that helped to free the 33 miners who remained trapped under the earth’s surface for 69 days. Shaun Robstad a volunteer from Okotoks, Alta., just outside of Calgary, said it best â€Å"It comes up everyday; I wonder what it’s like down there†¦I don’t think they went to work that day thinking they wouldn’t be getting out† (Yang, 2010, p.1).

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Seeking Harmony as a World Citizen Essay -- Personal Narrative Essay E

Seeking Harmony as a World Citizen "Excuse me, do you speak German?" - outside of that church's organ recital in Bonn, Germany, the distinct Japanese accent caught me by surprise. My weeks of study and internship gave me new confidence, so I answered, "Yes, yes I do." The Japanese woman's companion, seeing my nod, immediately began to overflow with German praises. I looked at her, elderly, in a wheelchair, and she told me the story: that music-loving Japanese woman pushed that music-loving German woman out of the church, medieval in design and thus not disabled-friendly. "What generosity," I translated in my native tongue, the only go-between these women had. "A million thanks for your help, I couldn't have made it out without you." The Japanese woman nodded, understanding, but her only reply was, "Does she need me to take her somewhere else?" "No, no, and thank you - God bless," I translated. The German woman smiled, grabbed her hand, kissed it. She grabbed my hand, kissed it too, and wheeled away over the cobblestones. Awestruck, I smiled to the Japanese w...

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Effects of Social Networking Sites on Student’s Life. Essay

Students! The Builders of Nation ! In today’s life as the world is developing rapidly, the youth becoming stronger in each sense. The technologies are reaching at their peak. Dr. Abdul Kalam has said that India would be the ‘Developed Country’ upto 2020. He has dreamed about ‘Developed India’ which will be possible through his ‘Mission 2020’ towards India. He believes that Indian youth is the source for that dream. Mark Zuckerberg and Jack Dorsey are the two innovative people of 21st century as they have innovated social networking communication sites such as facebook and twitter respectively. Social networking sites such as facebook and twitter are few of the revolutionary inventions of decade. These are mostly popular in the college students. Actually it is proved that it is good mean of communication among them and is the best way of their time to be passed quiet easily. College students are heavy users of these sites through internet compared to the general population. It is the part of their daily communication habits. Social networking sites highly benefits students academically. The various features of different sites give flexibility to students to be a part of social level with others. Students can relate and share with those who have a common interest and ability to make connection with like-minded students, build relationships and communication among them. Social networking sites are the part of modern technology and students are making use of it in different ways. These sites help them to search material which they needs online. It makes them quite easy way to search and get the needful things. Besides this all; there are some negative effects on them as well. Students are losing in the real world by sticking to these social networking sites. The popularity of these sites increased rapidly in the last decade. This is probably due to reason that college students used it extensively to get global access. Sites like facebook and twitter have become a craze for everyone nowadays. These sites have caused potential harm to society. Students are becoming victims of such sites this is because of reason that when they are studying or searching their course material online; they get attracted to these sites to kill the burden in their study time, diverting their attention from their work. They prefer their concentration more on these sites than regular study. Students have started relying more on the information accessible easily on these sites. This reduces their learning and research capabilities. These sites cause reduction in their academic performance and concentration to study well. It reduces their communication skill with others. It also reduces command over language use and creative writing skills. Students mostly use slang words or shortened forms of words on these sites. They start relying on the computer grammar and spelling. Ultimately; it depends on each and every individual how much he involved in these kinds of things. Each individual should decide weathers it is good or bad for him. One should always pick positive things from it. It will have good advantage for him as well as his career. As we want to see ‘Developed India’; is youth in right path? As the craze of networking sites going in negative direction and increasing; the question mark on ‘Mission 2020’ is being much stronger. It’s time to think positively and taking part in transforming India.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

My Research over Seminole Wars

The Seminole Wars U. S. History 1301. 046 Carissa Farley Professor Rumanuk April 3, 2013 The Seminole Wars was one of many wars fought during our nation’s history. Some of the wars in our history were fought over Indian Removal. According to Ron Soodalter, â€Å"The Second Seminole War erupted over broken treaties that repeatedly changed the boundaries of the Seminole reservation and finally sought to push the Seminoles out of Florida altogether†.That sounds a little harsh to try and control the land of the Indian tribes. However that is just the way things were back then. Back then the Indians were considered one of the United States biggest enemies. â€Å"The U. S Army and the Seminoles fought three wars between 1816 and 1858. † One of these wars that were fought was the Second Seminole War. The war was fought for seven years. But the Second Seminole War, fought from 1835-1842 cost upward of 530 million-more than the annual federal budget at the time-and resul ted in the deaths of nearly 1,500 soldiers (mostly from disease), the forced removal from Florida of between 3,000 and 4,000 Seminoles, and the deaths of countless others. † Some wonder why all these deaths happened and it all comes down to the military strategy and stopping the spread of disease. There were people who opposed the relocation of the Seminole Indians. Two important people that opposed the relocation were two Seminole chiefs named Osceola and Micanopy.They both planned the effort against relocation but were defeated by a U. S commander by the name of Thomas Sidney Jesup. Jesup’s tactics wore down the Seminoles and in the end helped the United States drive the Seminoles out of Florida. The people who didn’t oppose the removal of Indians included President Andrew Jackson, Zachary Taylor, Thomas Jesup, Duncan Clinch, and most of the United States. The war was started due to a â€Å"conflict that was the direct result of the nation’s unbridled d esire for territorial expansion, and of President Andrew Jackson’s Indian removal policy. According to the constitution of the United States all men are created equal. So shouldn’t that include Indians? Seeing as how we are treating them as the enemy, I don’t think that the Indians were included as part of the all men are created equal line of the constitution. However some people would say that the Indians are the enemy and should be treated horribly. â€Å"Jackson believed Indians posed a threat to the peace and tranquility of the American nation and should be relocated or eliminated.He formalized his policy in 1830, selling his concept to Congress, which passed the Indian Removal Act by the narrowest of margins. Over the next few years Jackson continued his campaign to remove the â€Å"Five Civilized Tribes†- the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole- and drive them west of the Mississippi. † The Indians were divided in what to do. S ome chose to use non-violence while others decided to go to the Supreme Courts and let the Courts decide what to do. The courts ruled in favor of the Indians and that caused a problem for Georgia.Georgia went to Jackson and Jackson told Georgia to ignore the ruling. Georgia and Jackson decided to ignore the court’s ruling. Because of this the Cherokee Indians were removed in an event called the Trail of Tears. In 1834 Jackson had his sights set on Florida and the Seminoles. â€Å"Eleven years earlier the Treaty of Moultrie Creek had directed the Seminoles to surrender all land claims in the territory and move to a 4-million-acre reservation in central Florida. It also bound them to remain peaceful and to apprehend all runaway black slaves and other fugitives for the government.For its part the government would provide cattle and hogs, an animal annuity of $5,000, an interpreter, a blacksmith, and an Indian agent, and keep all whites from encroaching on Indian Land- the latte r an unenforceable provision. The agreement came with a 20-year shelf life. † Unfortunately Jackson broke the agreement and signed another agreement that would force the Seminoles to move to the Arkansas territory within a three year period and surrender all black runaway slaves. I feel like this is violating laws. It is violating treaty laws but making a previous treaty not being upheld.On the other hand it makes the United States gain more land. I don’t agree with President Jackson’s way of removing Indians and taking all the slaves back but to be fair â€Å"Jackson harbored a personal resentment towards the Seminoles for their practice of sheltering and adopting runaway slaves into the tribe. † However his resentment is violating a person’s right to having the freedom to make their own decisions. â€Å"According to several Army officers present at the treaty negotiations, the Indians had been â€Å"wheedled and bullied into signing†Ã¢â‚¬ . The government tried to justify why they did what they did to the Indians ut the truth is they violated civil freedoms. A turning point in the war happened in late 1835 when â€Å"the hawkish Seminoles judged one chief who had agreed to relocate one traitor to the tribe, and Osceola killed him. It soon became clear war would come-and soon. † Unfortunately Osceola killed the Indian agent on December 28 and anyone in the cabin. He then took treasure from the agent’s cabin. To me this looks like Osceola is out for blood but he isn’t. He is trying to protect his tribe from suffering having to move away from their homes. The agent’s death was avenged by Jesup.Osceola died from Malaria in prison. The war went on in a bloody fashion until it was finally ended by all of the Seminoles going to Arkansas and Florida being given to the United States. Jackson’s prejudice towards the Indians didn’t help. â€Å"In the midst of the War of 1812, Jackson, then in charge of the Tennessee militia, was sent into southern Alabama, where he ruthlessly put down an uprising of Creek Indians. The Creeks soon ceded two-thirds of their land to the United States. Jackson later routed bands of Seminoles from their sanctuaries in Spanish owned Florida. Bibliography SOODALTER, RON. â€Å"ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. † Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012): 62-69. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). â€Å"Outline of the United States History† ——————————————– [ 1 ]. 1 SOODALTER, RON. â€Å"ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. † Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012): 63. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). [ 2 ]. SOODALTER, RON. â€Å"ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. † Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012): 64. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). 3 ]. SOODALTER, RON. à ¢â‚¬Å"ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. † Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012): 64. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). [ 4 ]. SOODALTER, RON. â€Å"ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. † Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012): 64. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). [ 5 ]. SOODALTER, RON. â€Å"ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. † Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012): 64. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). [ 6 ]. SOODALTER, RON. â€Å"ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. † Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012): 65.Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). [ 7 ]. SOODALTER, RON. â€Å"ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. † Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012): 65. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). [ 8 ]. SOODALTER, RON. â€Å"ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. † Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012): 65. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). [ 9 ]. SOODALTER, RO N. â€Å"ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. † Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012): 66. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). [ 10 ]. â€Å"Outline of the United States History† (Unknown dates and author)