Friday, December 27, 2019

Strategic Decision Making Method Analysis - 2120 Words

Introduction Strategic Decision Management (strategic decision-making technique, SDM) is a decision-making method that has been devised by Ronald Howard Professor of Stanford University in the 1960s. It is considered â€Å"decisions are quality (Decision Quality)†, and has the purpose of enhancing the quality of decisions. Strategic decisions are related to the management at the strategic level. The great thing about strategy decision-making method is the method of producing the choices you has cover (Adam Nain, 2012). Strategic management consists of a series of business decision and action that determines the long term performance of a company. Strategic management enables the company to operate in a complex and dynamic environment. In a†¦show more content†¦The following statement is elaborated in this essay, which declares: â€Å"The external environment is so complex and chaotic, the behaviour of individuals so unpredictable, that strategic managers can have little claim to the outcome of a crisis† Discussion According to Manski Neri (2013), an organization acts as a ‘social entity’ where activities are controlled in a systematic manner to meet the definite objectives, with consideration to the external environment; comprising of factors including Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal; which are uncontrollable in nature and must be monitored to supersede the competitors. For an organization to get the sustainable competitive advantage, strategists have promoted that the key components, for example, clients, government and competitors must be concentrated on formulating a powerful corporate methodology, which would help in adjusting the progressions created by these units. Strategic decisions are impressively portrayed as the choices made at corporate level, which incorporate high capital investments with more chances to yield profit, expanded risk, and expanded necessity for flexibility and long run prospects. Strategic decisions are additionally described as the decisions made at functional level, which incorporate usage of suitable techniques at the business and corporate levels, retaining low risk and activity oriented operational issues. Owing to social

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Global Repercussions Of 9 / 11 - 1232 Words

Today is September 11th, 2014. The thirteenth anniversary for one of the most horrific events that have ever happened in United States history. An event that took thousands of lives, and affected the entire United States in some kind of way. Thirteen years ago, not only the United States changed, but the World changed. The global repercussions of 9/11 are still being felt today. The attacks of the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. can be described as horrific, shocking, confusing and depressing. Tens of thousands of people witnessed it in person, and millions witnessed it through TV, read it in their newspapers, all who were seeking the reasoning behind this. So what happened? At 8:52 AM, a plane that†¦show more content†¦So how did all of this affect our country? It had a huge impact on the United States not only emotionally, but politically and economically. September 11th, 2001 was the beginning of a new fear, and a sense of Americans had to watch their back. The attacks made US citizens more aware, but made the US look like it wasn’t as invincible as it was portrayed. Some of the short term effects that took place after 9/11 was the heart ache felt by all the families of almost three-thousand victims in the attack. It caused a complete shutdown of the American air space, stock markets closed down, and insurance companies, airlines and tourists sector showed longer periods of recession. In New York there was a short term oversupply of rental space and a reduction in hotel occupancy. There was a lot of discrimination and still is today against Muslim-looking travelers, and a huge increase of hate crimes after the events. Some of the long-term effects after 9/11 was an increase in people joining the military, the USA Patriot Act which came into effect October 26th, 2001. There was a huge increase in security which also involved all owing law enforcement agencies to search private data and the right for USA to detain and deport immigrants suspected of terrorists’ activities. In the book 9/11 In American Culture, professor of information studies Philip Agre says The U.S. home front itself is as much of a theatre of

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

International distribution of the corporate tax - Free Samples

Questions: 1. From your firms financial statement, list each item of equity and write your understanding of each item. Discuss any changes in each item of equity for your firm over the past year articulating the reasons for the change. 2. What is your firms tax expense in its latest financial statements? 3. Is this figure the same as the company tax rate times your firms accounting income? Explain why this is, or is not, the case for your firm. 4. Comment on deferred tax assets/liabilities that is reported in the balance sheet articulating the possible reasons why they have been recorded. 5. Is there any current tax assets or income tax payable recorded by your company? Why is the income tax payable not the same as income tax expense? 6. Is the income tax expense shown in the income statement same as the income tax paid shown in the cash flow statement? If not why is the difference? 7. What do you find interesting, confusing, surprising or difficult to understand about the treatment of tax in your firms financial statements? What new insights, if any, have you gained about how companies account for income tax as a result of examining your firms tax expense in its accounts? Answers: Answer 1 After analysing the annual report of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd, it is considered that equity capital of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is accompanied with contributed capital, owners equity and retained earnings. Contributed Equity Reserve Retained Earning Contributed equity It is the amount of capital contributed by the shareholders for the owners equity. Retained earnings- It is the amount of profit which company has accumulated and not distributed to its shareholders. Reserve- It is accumulated total distributable profit which could be plugged back by company in its business (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). Contributed capital could also be defined as stakeholders equity which shareholders have invested in the company. In 2015, Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is having AUD $ 37 million contributed capital which increased AUD $ 45 million in 2016. Accumulated profit of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd has also shown negative data as company has been facing high amount of loss in its business functioning. Equity (Amount in dollar million) ($M) 2015 2016 Contributed equity 37 45 Retained earning (13) (18) Total equity (24) (24) Answer 2 Tax expenses of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd It is considered that tax amount is charged on the profit of company and deducted from the overall net profit of company. The recording of tax expenses is shown in the profit and loss accounts. On the other hand, excess payment of tax would be shown in the deferred tax assets of company. The income tax paid by company is zero. It is observed that company has been suffering from high amount of loss throughout the time. It is inferred that company pays tax on its profit. In present case, Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is having zero amount of tax implication due to its loss incurring business (Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd, 2017). Particular(AUD $ in million) 2015 2016 Income tax expenses 0 0 This table given reflects that company has loss in its business. Therefore, it is not allowed to pay tax on its loss. Answer 3 Tax rate figure of the Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd and its comparison with the tax deduction from the overall accounting income Current Tax: - It is evaluated that tax payment of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd in 2016 is zero. It is analysed that company has been incurring high amount of losses in its business due to sluggish market condition. It reveals that company has zero level of tax obligations. Income tax is charged on the profit of company and for the recording of tax amount, Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd needs to comply with the IFRS rules and AASB-112. Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is international company therefore, in order to harmonize with the domestic and international taxation rules; it has to comply with the AASB-112. In order to justify, whether the tax amount computed on the basis of computation i.e. 30% * net profit is no equal to recording of the tax charged on the profit in its financial statement, following example could be given (Cucchiella, DAdamo and Gastaldi, 2015). It is observed that the main differences between both amounts are found due to the difference between accounting and taxation rules and regulations. For instance, tax rate is charged on the profit of company i.e. 30% *AUD $ (5) million= AUD .15 million. Company could take rebate of this amount from the government from their future tax implication. On the other hand, as per the income tax rules and regulations, tax amount would be zero if there is no profit earned by company. The main difference between tax amounts arise due to different recording of tax expenses, revenue in the books of account of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd. For instance, recording of bed debts recording, creating provisions and donations payment is different in as per the accounting and income tax rules and regulations. Therefore, it could be inferred that due to the difference between taxation rules and regulations and accounting rules, Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd may not have same tax amount figures computed by undertaking accounting income to recording of tax in financial statements. Answer4 Deferred tax assets/liabilities of the Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd has been following international accounting rules and regulations for recording of taxes in its books of accounts. It is observed that company record deferred tax amount in its books of account either in its liabilities side or assets side. In Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd, company has non deferred tax assets or liabilities. Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd has not recorded deferred tax in its books of accounts. Recording of Deferred Tax:- The deferred tax amount recorded in the books of accounts Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is zero. The deferred tax amount is recorded in the liabilities side or assets side of company so that it could be recognized and carried forward to the limit that is reasonably certain for the future taxable income against which deferred tax assets or liabilities would be realised. The recording of deferred tax assets and liabilities is recorded due to the difference between accounting and taxations rules. For instance, if Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd finds that due to difference between accounting and taxation provision. If company charge higher tax by considering accounting rules and regulations as compared to tax charged as per the taxations rules then excess amount would be shown as deferred tax liabilities of company. On the other hand, if tax is computed less due to different accounting and taxation rules and then excess payment to government would be recorded as deferred tax assets (Cucchiella, D Adamo and Gastaldi, 2015). Particular (AUD $ million) 2017 2016 Deferred tax liabilities 0 0 Deferred tax assets 0 0 Note- Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd can never have deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in its books of account at the same time (Cobham and Loretz, 2014). Answer5 Current tax assets and other income tax payable by company It is evaluated that current tax payable by Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is AUD $ 0. Company has been incurring losses in its business since very long time. It is observed that income tax payable of company is also zero. Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is having no tax liabilities as it is incurring losses since four years. In addition to this, tax is charged on the profit of company. Therefore, there is zero tax implication on the business functioning of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd. Deferred tax assets of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd are also zero. Particular(AUD $ in million) 2016 2017 Income tax payable 0 0 It is observed that company has recorded zero tax payable in its books of accounts. The income tax payable is the liability which needs to be paid by company. Why income tax expenses is not same as the income tax payable It is analysed that income tax expenses charged on the profit and recorded for the current year in the profit and loss account of company. On the other hand, income tax payable is the accumulation of the tax liabilities of company which need to be paid by company to government (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). Answer6 Is the income tax expense shown in the income statement same as the income tax paid shown in the cash flow statement? If not Why are the differences? Cash flow statement could be defined as statement comprised of details about the cash inflow and outflow from the business in current year irrespective of the fact whether it relates to current year or previous year. It is the part of the financial statement that is prepared with a view to analyse the inflow and outflow of cash from the business in particular year. The On the other hand, profit and loss account of company is prepared with a view to record all the expenses and revenue of company related to present year. It is prepared with a view to identify the actual profit and loss of company. A cash flow statement reveals all the tax payment made by Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd in the current year irrespective of the fact whether they relates to current year or previous year. Profit and loss account contains the tax amount which is charged on the current year profit. Answer7 Treatment of tax in your firms financial statements Interesting thing about the recorded its entire tax amount The main interesting thing about the recording of entire tax amount is related to recording of tax as per the accounting rules and regulations and accounting rules. The income tax is recorded in the books of accounts as per the AASB-122. The tax is not charged on the loss making company. Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is highly loss making company. Surprising thing about the recorded its entire tax amount It is observed that recording of entire tax in Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd related to corporate governance and procedure of charging tax. It is evaluated that company can never have deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in its books of account (Henry, et al. 2009). Difficulty in recorded the entire tax amount It is observe that Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd may find difficult to record the tax charged on its profit. It is considered that if company wants to books deferred tax liabilities in the books of account then it will first have to set off its entire deferred tax assets amount from its financial statements. The main difficulty would be for stakeholders of Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd who might find difficulty to understand the taxations rules and accounting policy of company. However, by reading notes to account, shareholders may find easy to understand tax recording process of company (Evans, 2016). New sight about the recording of taxes It is observed that Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd is having high amount of losses since very long time. Therefore, it is not required to pay taxes to government. However, the benefits of losses could also be used to set off taxes from the coming years in which it may require to pay tax in future (Alstadster, Jacob and Michaely, 2015). References Alstadster, A., Jacob, M. and Michaely, R., 2015. Do dividend taxes affect corporate investment?.Journal of Public Economics. Audio Pixels Holdings Ltd, 2017, annual report, Retrieved on 26th January, 2017 from https://www.audiopixels.com.au/index.cfm/investor/annual-report/ Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Cobham, A. and Loretz, S., 2014. International distribution of the corporate tax base: Implications of different apportionment factors under unitary taxation. Cucchiella, F., DAdamo, I. and Gastaldi, M., 2015. Financial analysis for investment and policy decisions in the renewable energy sector.Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy,17(4), pp.887-904. Evans, A.C.M., 2016. What is a conceptually possible flow through design for an alternative vehicle in the private context in domestic income tax legislation? With an applied case study on the Australian business trust. Henry, K., Harmer, J., Piggott, J., Ridout, H. and Smith, G., 2009. Australias future tax system.Canberra, Commonwealth Treasury.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

LANDFILLS Essays - Waste Management, Landfill, Anaerobic Digestion

LANDFILLS Solid waste is the term that civil engineers use to refer to what most of us call garbage. Municipal solid waste is most familiar to us. It comes from households, institutions, and small businesess. These solid wastes enter the solid-waste stream, and the flow never ceases. While many normal activities are suspended during weekends and holidays, the flow of garbage is non-stop. Some holidays, such as Christmas, create an enormous wave of solid waste. There are essentially four ways to deal with garbage: 1) recycle it into something that can be used again, 2) dump it, 3) burn it, or 4) reduce the source of material products (such as packaging) in order to eliminate future garbage. Throughout history, dumping has been the preferred means of disposal. Today, landfills are America's primary method for the disposal of garbage. Approximately 40 to 50 percent of everything we throw away is paper. Newspapers account for as much as 18 percent of the volume in a landfill. Grass clippings and raked-up leaves account for nearly 20 percent of our waste. Much of the notion that biodegradation takes place within a landfill is a myth. Some food and yard debris degrade at a very slow rate, but the remainder of the garbage in landfills seems to retain its original form, weight, and volume. Even after being buried in a landfill for several years, the print on newspapers remains legible. Landfills also contain a considerable amount of hazardous waste. Today, pesticides, cleansers, and motor oil are commonly found in most households. Many of these find their way to the trash. Therefore, landfills must be designed for the safe disposal of hazardous household waste. Currently, there is a critical shortage of landfills, expecially in the northeastern United States. It is estimated that 40 percent of the landfills now in use will close down within five years. The reason the percentage is so high is that most landfills are designed to be in use for only about ten years. Many landfills now closing are open dumps. Rain and groundwater trickle through the trash and dissolve metals and other chemicals. This toxic liquid, called leachate, can ooze into the ground and contaminate nearby wells and streams. In sanitary landfills, daily deposits of fresh garbage are covered with a layer of dirt or plastic or both. However, sanitary landfills can still exude leachate into the water table. In new sanitary landfills, the basin is often lined with clays and impermeable plastic sheets to keep the leachate in. While so many of the country's landfills are closing down in the next several years, solid-waste engineers face tremendous challenges to properly seal, salvage, and monitor some of the nation's most contaminated dumps. The use of sanitary landfills presents several additional challenges beyond safety and efficiency. One major problem is cost. It is often necessary to transport garbage several hundred miles to an available landfill. The cost for transporting garbage to a landfill can be excessive. An even bigger problem is location. Even if the landfill does not leak pollutants or foul the air, no one wants a landfill for a neighbor. Consequently, the old landfills are not being replaced. Due to the critical shortage of landfills and the concerns about their safety, environmental consciousness has been raised. There is a growing awareness of the need to improve the environment and become less dependent on landfills. We must finds ways to reduce waste, and we must find ways to convert waste into something that can be used again. Source reduction offers a real and lasting contribution toward solving our nation's solid waste problem and conserving landfill space. Talk to your legislators, both federal and state, about this genuine method of reducing the volume of garbage. LANDFILLS Essays - Waste Management, Landfill, Anaerobic Digestion LANDFILLS Solid waste is the term that civil engineers use to refer to what most of us call garbage. Municipal solid waste is most familiar to us. It comes from households, institutions, and small businesess. These solid wastes enter the solid-waste stream, and the flow never ceases. While many normal activities are suspended during weekends and holidays, the flow of garbage is non-stop. Some holidays, such as Christmas, create an enormous wave of solid waste. There are essentially four ways to deal with garbage: 1) recycle it into something that can be used again, 2) dump it, 3) burn it, or 4) reduce the source of material products (such as packaging) in order to eliminate future garbage. Throughout history, dumping has been the preferred means of disposal. Today, landfills are America's primary method for the disposal of garbage. Approximately 40 to 50 percent of everything we throw away is paper. Newspapers account for as much as 18 percent of the volume in a landfill. Grass clippings and raked-up leaves account for nearly 20 percent of our waste. Much of the notion that biodegradation takes place within a landfill is a myth. Some food and yard debris degrade at a very slow rate, but the remainder of the garbage in landfills seems to retain its original form, weight, and volume. Even after being buried in a landfill for several years, the print on newspapers remains legible. Landfills also contain a considerable amount of hazardous waste. Today, pesticides, cleansers, and motor oil are commonly found in most households. Many of these find their way to the trash. Therefore, landfills must be designed for the safe disposal of hazardous household waste. Currently, there is a critical shortage of landfills, expecially in the northeastern United States. It is estimated that 40 percent of the landfills now in use will close down within five years. The reason the percentage is so high is that most landfills are designed to be in use for only about ten years. Many landfills now closing are open dumps. Rain and groundwater trickle through the trash and dissolve metals and other chemicals. This toxic liquid, called leachate, can ooze into the ground and contaminate nearby wells and streams. In sanitary landfills, daily deposits of fresh garbage are covered with a layer of dirt or plastic or both. However, sanitary landfills can still exude leachate into the water table. In new sanitary landfills, the basin is often lined with clays and impermeable plastic sheets to keep the leachate in. While so many of the country's landfills are closing down in the next several years, solid-waste engineers face tremendous challenges to properly seal, salvage, and monitor some of the nation's most contaminated dumps. The use of sanitary landfills presents several additional challenges beyond safety and efficiency. One major problem is cost. It is often necessary to transport garbage several hundred miles to an available landfill. The cost for transporting garbage to a landfill can be excessive. An even bigger problem is location. Even if the landfill does not leak pollutants or foul the air, no one wants a landfill for a neighbor. Consequently, the old landfills are not being replaced. Due to the critical shortage of landfills and the concerns about their safety, environmental consciousness has been raised. There is a growing awareness of the need to improve the environment and become less dependent on landfills. We must finds ways to reduce waste, and we must find ways to convert waste into something that can be used again. Source reduction offers a real and lasting contribution toward solving our nation's solid waste problem and conserving landfill space. Talk to your legislators, both federal and state, about this genuine method of reducing the volume of garbage.